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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Steel Fastening Techniques01:17

Steel Fastening Techniques

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Steel sections can be joined together through various fastening techniques including riveting, bolting, and welding, each suitable for different structural requirements and conditions.
Rivets are cylindrical steel fasteners with a specially designed head. During application, rivets are heated until white-hot and then inserted through pre-drilled holes in the steel sections. A pneumatic hammer is used to shape the exposed end into a second head, securing the sections together.
Bolting is another...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Steel Manufacturing01:26

Steel Manufacturing

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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
During this smelting process, limestone plays a crucial role by forming slag. Slag captures impurities within the molten iron, such...
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Pulse01:16

Pulse

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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Pulse01:05

Pulse

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The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
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Quantitative Analysis of Vacuum Induction Melting by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
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[In-Situ Analysis of Solid Steel Samples with Remote Double-Pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System].

Yong Xin, Lan-xiang Sun, Zhi-jia Yang

    Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
    |July 24, 2018
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    Summary

    This study introduces a remote double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system for real-time metal analysis. The system demonstrates effective non-contact, long-distance component monitoring for molten steel, achieving high accuracy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Spectroscopy
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Real-time, non-contact analysis of metal smelting processes is crucial for quality control.
    • Traditional methods often require direct sampling, posing challenges for molten materials.
    • Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) offers potential for remote elemental analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and evaluate a remote double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system.
    • To enable real-time, non-contact component monitoring of steel and other metal smelting.
    • To establish a basis for online monitoring of molten steel composition.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a remote double-pulse LIBS analysis system for long-distance measurements.
    • Testing the system on solid standard steel samples to validate performance.
    • Analysis of parameters including focal spot size, ablation depth, pulse delay, and signal enhancement at different distances (2.1 m and 3.1 m).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a laser focal spot of approximately 1mm at long distances.
    • Demonstrated that double-pulse ablation is more effective than single-pulse ablation.
    • Observed optimal double-pulse delay varied with distance; signal enhancement was superior at 3.1 m compared to 2.1 m (max enhancement of 5.19 for Ti(I) 319.99 nm).
    • Attained high calibration curve linearity (R² ≈ 0.99), low relative standard deviation (RSD < 5%), low root mean square error (RMSE < 0.021%), and low limit of detection (LOD < 500 ppm) for most elements at 2.1 m, outperforming results at 3.1 m.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed remote double-pulse LIBS system is effective for non-contact, long-distance elemental analysis of metals.
    • The system provides a viable foundation for real-time online monitoring of molten steel components.
    • Performance metrics indicate superior analytical capabilities at 2.1 m compared to 3.1 m, suggesting distance optimization is key.