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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

8.8K
The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe...
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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
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Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Concepts of Health and Illness01:29

Concepts of Health and Illness

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Health is a condition of the body, mind, and spirit where an individual remains free from illness. Similarly, wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical health is critical for the overall well-being and can be affected by lifestyle, activity level, diet, and behavior. The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental and universal human right. Consider Lisa, a fifteen-year-old born with congenital...
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Dimensions of Health and Illness01:21

Dimensions of Health and Illness

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The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the following eight human dimensions, and each dimension is interrelated to one other.
11.1K
Critical Region, Critical Values and Significance Level01:16

Critical Region, Critical Values and Significance Level

13.4K
The critical region, critical value, and significance level are interdependent concepts crucial in hypothesis testing.
In hypothesis testing, a sample statistic is converted to a test statistic using z, t, or chi-square distribution. A critical region is an area under the curve in  probability distributions demarcated by the critical value. When the test statistic falls in this region, it suggests that the null hypothesis must be rejected. As this region contains all those values of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
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Cognitive outcomes after critical illness.

Amra Sakusic1,2, Alejandro A Rabinstein3

  • 1University Clinical Center Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Current Opinion in Critical Care
|July 24, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent cognitive impairment affects 20-40% of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors, with prolonged delirium being a key risk factor. Management focuses on delirium prevention, and impairment often persists long-term.

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Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes

Background:

  • Persistent cognitive impairment is a common, disabling complication following intensive care unit (ICU) stays.
  • The exact incidence and distinction from pre-existing cognitive decline remain challenging to ascertain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of post-ICU cognitive impairment.
  • To explore its magnitude, mechanisms, risk factors, management, and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cognitive impairment after critical illness.
  • Analysis of prospective data on incidence and risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Estimated incidence of persistent cognitive impairment in 20-40% of ICU survivors.
  • Inflammatory mechanisms, endothelial dysfunction, and blood-brain barrier disruption are implicated in pathogenesis.
  • Prolonged ICU delirium is the strongest predictor of subsequent cognitive impairment.
  • Brain atrophy and white matter changes correlate with cognitive decline.
  • Cognitive impairment at 3 months often persists at 12 months post-ICU discharge.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent cognitive impairment is a significant complication of critical illness with substantial long-term impact.
  • Further collaborative research is essential to elucidate mechanisms and develop effective prevention and management strategies.