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Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

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Molecular Shape and Polarity

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Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.

Molecular Shapes

Molecular Shapes

Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Use of Atomic Force Microscopy to Measure Mechanical Properties and Turgor Pressure of Plant Cells and Plant Tissues

Use of Atomic Force Microscopy to Measure Mechanical Properties and Turgor Pressure of Plant Cells and Plant Tissues

Published on: July 15, 2019

Getting into shape: the mechanics behind plant morphogenesis.

Ryan Christopher Eng¹, Arun Sampathkumar¹

¹Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

|July 24, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding plant cell morphogenesis requires integrating mechanics and biochemistry. Biomechanical stress influences cytoskeleton components and pectin, crucial for cell growth and development, particularly in jigsaw-shaped pavement cells.

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Biophysics
Cell Biology

Background:

Cell and tissue shape change (morphogenesis) involves structural modifications.
Understanding morphogenesis necessitates integrating mechanics with biochemistry.
Plant cell growth and development are regulated by biomechanical and biochemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss recent findings on biomechanics and biochemistry in plant cell morphogenesis.
To explore the influence of biomechanical stress on plant cytoskeleton components.
To highlight the role of pectin in plant biomechanics and morphogenesis.

Main Methods:

Review of recent findings on biomechanics and biochemistry in plant morphogenesis.
Case study analysis of jigsaw-shaped pavement cells in leaf development.
Summary of quantitative techniques for testing biomechanics-morphogenesis hypotheses.

Main Results:

Biomechanical stress impacts plant cytoskeleton components, affecting morphogenesis.
Pectin plays a significant role in plant biomechanics and morphogenesis.
Quantitative techniques enable hypothesis generation and testing in morphogenesis.

Conclusions:

Integrating mechanics and biochemistry is essential for understanding plant cell morphogenesis.
The plant cytoskeleton and pectin are key factors influenced by biomechanics.
Quantitative methods are vital for advancing research on biomechanics and morphogenesis.