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Immunoglobulin genes in Primates.

David N Olivieri1, Francisco Gambón Deza2

  • 1School of Computer Science, University of Vigo, Ourense 32004, Spain.

Molecular Immunology
|July 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers analyzed primate genomes to understand immunoglobulin gene evolution. They found significant gene duplication and loss, particularly in IgG, IgA, and IgE, indicating evolutionary instability in the immunoglobulin locus starting with the Cercopithecidae family.

Keywords:
CH domainsImmunoglobulin genesMachine learningPrimate IG evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Mammals possess five classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE).
  • The number of isotypes within IgG, IgA, and IgE classes varies across species due to unknown reasons.
  • Understanding immunoglobulin gene distribution is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and distribution of immunoglobulin genes across primate orders.
  • To identify evolutionary patterns and potential instability in the immunoglobulin locus within primates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a machine learning application based on neural networks to scan primate genomes and transcriptomes from NCBI.
  • Identified exon sequences encoding immunoglobulin CH domains to infer the immunoglobulins present in each species.
  • Analyzed sequences outside the IGHC locus, including those from retrotranscription.

Main Results:

  • Prosimians lack IgD genes.
  • Platyrrhines possess genes for each immunoglobulin class, but the IgD gene lacks the CH2 exon.
  • Cercopithecidae family shows gene duplication for IgG, with further duplications in IgA and IgE genes observed in hominids.
  • Identified non-viable retrotranscribed sequences outside the IGHC locus.

Conclusions:

  • The distribution of immunoglobulin genes varies significantly across primate evolution.
  • Evolutionary instability in the immunoglobulin locus is evident from the appearance of the Cercopithecidae family onwards.
  • Gene duplication events, especially for IgG, IgA, and IgE, highlight dynamic evolutionary processes in primate immunoglobulin genes.