Phenolic compounds from different bryophyte species and cell compartments respond specifically to ultraviolet...

To study the potential quick responses to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of bryophyte phenolic compounds, we cultivated two thalloid liverworts, two leafy liverworts, and two mosses under three moderate realistic UV levels in the laboratory for 22 days. At the end of the daylight period on the first and last culture days, we measured the bulk levels and individual contents of phenolic UV-absorbing compounds (UVACs) of each species, differentiating in both cases the UVACs located in the methanol-soluble (mainly vacuolar) and -insoluble (cell wall-bound) fractions (SUVACs and IUVACs, respectively). The bulk levels of SUVACs and IUVACs mostly showed linear or hyperbolic relationships with the UV dose applied. Thirteen flavones (apigenin and luteolin derivatives) and two hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric and ferulic acids) were identified in the soluble and insoluble fractions, respectively. Only two compounds (p-coumaric and ferulic acids) from the insoluble fraction of the leafy liverwort Plagiochila asplenioides showed a significant quick accumulation in response to UV radiation in the first day of culture, whereas six UVACs (mainly soluble apigenin and luteolin derivatives) from different species (mainly liverworts) were significantly accumulated at the end of the culture. In conclusion, the responses of bryophyte UVACs to UV radiation were influenced by the specific compound considered, the fraction in which each UVAC was located, the global or individual way of UVACs quantification, the bryophyte species and evolutionary lineage, and the experimental conditions used. Particularly, SUVACs were more UV-responsive than IUVACs and liverworts than mosses, and responses were not especially quick.