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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

157.1K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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8.1K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
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Translation deregulation in human disease.

Soroush Tahmasebi1,2,3, Arkady Khoutorsky4, Michael B Mathews5

  • 1Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. sorousht@uic.edu.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|July 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Deregulation of mRNA translation, the process of protein synthesis, is linked to various human diseases beyond cancer. Understanding these molecular aberrations is key to explaining disease variability.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Genome-wide interrogation of human diseases is advancing rapidly due to high-throughput sequencing.
  • Mutations affecting mRNA translation are increasingly recognized as disease-causing.
  • Translation, or protein synthesis, is a complex cellular process involving ribosomes, tRNAs, and translation factors, making it prone to deregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence linking translation deregulation to human diseases outside of cancer.
  • To categorize translation-related diseases based on underlying molecular defects.
  • To explain how translation dysregulation contributes to phenotypic variability in these disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current evidence on translation deregulation in human diseases.
  • Categorization of diseases based on molecular aberrations (tRNA dysfunction, ribosomopathies, integrated stress response, mTOR pathway).
  • Analysis of the link between translation dysregulation and observed phenotypic variability.

Main Results:

  • Evidence shows translation deregulation is implicated in various human diseases.
  • Key molecular aberrations include tRNA dysfunction, ribosomopathies, and dysregulation of the integrated stress response and mTOR pathways.
  • Translation dysregulation contributes significantly to the phenotypic variability seen in these disorders.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA translation deregulation is a significant factor in human diseases beyond cancer.
  • Understanding specific molecular defects in translation is crucial for disease classification.
  • Targeting translation pathways may offer therapeutic avenues for diseases with phenotypic variability.