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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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An Update on Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors: A Review.

Toan Pham1,2,3,4, Sara Roth5, Joseph Kong5,6,7,8

  • 1Divisions of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. toan.pham@petermac.org.

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Immunotherapy effectively manages solid tumors by harnessing the immune system. As an adjunct to surgery, immunotherapy strategies can improve patient survival in cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Immunotherapy has emerged as a potent strategy for managing solid tumors.
  • Early immunotherapy efforts, like William Coley's bacterial injections for sarcoma, laid the groundwork for modern approaches.
  • Tumor-associated immune markers are now crucial for predicting cancer prognosis and enhancing patient survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the immune system in tumorigenesis.
  • To highlight current and future immunotherapy strategies relevant to surgical management of solid tumors.
  • To emphasize immunotherapy as an adjunct to surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunotherapy principles and applications in solid tumors.
  • Analysis of the historical development of cancer immunotherapy.
  • Discussion of immune markers in cancer prognosis and therapeutic manipulation.

Main Results:

  • The immune system significantly influences the development and progression of tumors.
  • Immunotherapy has demonstrated efficacy in managing various solid malignancies.
  • Immune markers can predict patient outcomes and guide treatment decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Surgery remains a cornerstone of solid tumor management.
  • Integrating immunotherapy strategies alongside surgery can optimize patient outcomes.
  • Future research should focus on synergistic approaches combining surgery and advanced immunotherapies.