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Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
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Halogens03:01

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Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Guest-Induced Structural Transformations in a Porous Halogen-Bonded Framework.

Varvara I Nikolayenko1, Dominic C Castell1, Dewald P van Heerden1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, 7600, South Africa.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Halogen bonding creates a robust, dynamic porous material that reversibly switches its pore volume. This molecular solid

Keywords:
P-DSCdynamicshalogen bondingsingle-crystal to single-crystal transformationsorption

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Dynamic porous materials offer tunable properties for various applications.
  • Understanding the driving forces behind structural dynamics is crucial for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of halogen bonding in forming a dynamic porous molecular solid.
  • To investigate the reversible switching behavior of the material's pore volume.

Main Methods:

  • In situ X-ray diffraction to determine structural evidence.
  • Volumetric gas sorption analysis.
  • Pressure-gradient differential scanning calorimetry (P-DSC).

Main Results:

  • Halogen bonding drives the formation of a robust dynamic porous molecular solid.
  • The material exhibits reversible switching of pore volume upon activation or gas exposure.
  • Gas sorption and P-DSC data reveal mechanistic insights into the breathing behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Halogen bonding is a key interaction for creating dynamic porous materials with tunable porosity.
  • The observed reversible pore volume switching demonstrates potential for gas storage and separation applications.
  • The material's robustness and responsive behavior highlight its promise in advanced material design.