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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Functional Pituitary Tissue Generation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells.

Mayuko Kano1, Hidetaka Suga1, Takatoshi Kasai1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.

Current Protocols in Neuroscience
|July 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into functional pituitary corticotrophs, offering a promising alternative to hormone replacement therapy for adrenal crisis and other endocrine disorders.

Keywords:
3D cultureadrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)human embryonic stem cellpituitary gland

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Anterior pituitary hormones regulate the somatic endocrine system; deficiencies cause life-threatening diseases like adrenal crisis.
  • Current treatments rely on hormone replacement therapy, which has limitations.
  • Human pluripotent stem cells offer potential for generating pituitary tissue for improved therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for generating functional pituitary tissue from human pluripotent stem cells.
  • To mimic natural pituitary development by co-culturing with hypothalamic neural tissue.
  • To assess the functionality of differentiated corticotrophs.

Main Methods:

  • Human embryonic stem cells were cultured in 3D floating conditions.
  • Cells were exposed to sonic hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein 4.
  • Differentiation was induced in proximity to developing hypothalamic neural tissue.

Main Results:

  • Early exposure to specific signaling molecules promoted differentiation into oral ectoderm and then hormone-producing cells.
  • The process successfully generated corticotrophs (adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing cells).
  • Differentiated corticotrophs demonstrated normal functionality, responding to release and feedback signals.

Conclusions:

  • A novel differentiation approach successfully generates functional pituitary tissue from human pluripotent stem cells.
  • This method mimics mammalian pituitary development by incorporating hypothalamic interaction.
  • The generated corticotrophs represent a potential advancement over current hormone replacement therapies for pituitary hormone deficiencies.