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Air-entraining agents improve the durability and workability of concrete in climates with frequent freezing and thawing. These agents prevent cracks by introducing small air bubbles into the mix, creating spaces accommodating water expansion when temperatures drop. The air-entraining agents lower the surface tension of water, forming stable, small air bubbles. This method is more effective than having accidental large voids, as the intentional, smaller, and evenly distributed air voids improve...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India
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[Air pollution and health].

Bert Brunekreef1,2

  • 1Universiteit Utrecht, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|July 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Air pollution from combustion and atmospheric reactions poses significant health risks. Even low levels can cause acute issues and chronic diseases like respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Air pollution is a growing public health concern, with pulmonologists raising alarms.
  • Key sources include combustion processes and atmospheric chemical reactions forming ozone and particulate matter.
  • Existing air quality standards may not adequately protect against adverse health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the health impacts of air pollution.
  • To highlight the role of combustion and atmospheric chemistry in pollution formation.
  • To inform policymakers about the risks at current exposure levels.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on air pollution and health effects.
  • Analysis of the formation pathways of major air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter).

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  • Assessment of acute and chronic health outcomes linked to air pollution exposure.

    • Main Results:

    • Air pollution exposure is linked to both acute increases in mortality and morbidity.
    • Chronic exposure contributes to shortened lifespan and increased incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
    • Health effects are observed even at concentrations below current Dutch levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Air pollution presents a substantial threat to public health.
    • Current air quality may be insufficient to prevent adverse health effects.
    • Urgent attention and policy action are needed to mitigate these risks.