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Exploring early human brain development with structural and physiological neuroimaging.

Lana Vasung1, Esra Abaci Turk1, Silvina L Ferradal1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding early brain development requires specialized neuroimaging techniques, not adult methods. This review covers fetal and infant brain development, connectivity, and imaging tools to improve interventions.

Keywords:
EEGFetal and neonatal brain developmentFunctional connectivityMEGMRINIRSStructural connectivity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Early brain development involves rapid structural and functional changes from embryo to infancy.
  • Adult neuroimaging concepts are insufficient for studying fetal and neonatal brains.
  • Understanding developmental milestones and modulators is crucial for accurate data interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major developmental milestones in transient cerebral structures and axonal connectivity.
  • To summarize contributions of ex vivo and in vivo MRI in early brain development.
  • To discuss the biology of neuronal circuitry, neurovascular coupling, metabolic needs, and functional connectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural and physiological neuroimaging methods, including MRI, EEG, MEG, and NIRS.
  • Discussion of ex vivo and in vivo MRI contributions.
  • Exploration of modulators of brain development, focusing on the placenta and placental MRI.

Main Results:

  • Early brain development necessitates tailored neuroimaging approaches distinct from adult studies.
  • Various imaging modalities (MRI, EEG, MEG, NIRS) offer complementary insights.
  • Technical and biological limitations in current neuroimaging are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroimaging has advanced understanding of early brain development significantly.
  • Technical innovations and scientific discoveries are vital for future interventions.
  • Further research is needed to fully realize the potential of early fetal and infant interventions to prevent long-term diseases.