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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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What is a Frequency Distribution00:51

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A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the sample. It is commonly used to group data of quantitative types. Frequency distributions can be displayed in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart, just to name a few. A histogram is a graphical representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to...
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Sometimes, data gathered from an experiment on a large sample or population are organized into concise tables. In such cases, the frequency of the quantitative data set is plotted in the form of a table. Or else, the data values are grouped into the quantity’s intervals, which form classes, and their respective frequencies are known. That is, the data values are distributed over different categories or classes. This is known as frequency distribution.
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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
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The frequency response of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) in a common-emitter configuration is critical to its functionality, especially in applications involving amplification of alternating current (AC) signals. This response can be analyzed through low-frequency and high-frequency equivalent circuits, considering various internal parameters and external conditions.
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Ammunition detection using high frequency multibeam snippet backscatter information.

Tina Kunde1, Philipp Held2, Harald Sternberg1

  • 1HafenCity University Hamburg, Überseeallee 16, Hamburg 20457, Germany.

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|July 26, 2018
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Summary

High-frequency multibeam echosounder systems can detect underwater ammunition in shallow waters. This technology offers improved horizontal position accuracy compared to traditional survey methods.

Keywords:
Ammunition detectionBaltic SeaDGNSSMultibeam echosounderSnippet backscatterUXO

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Area of Science:

  • Marine geophysics
  • Underwater acoustics
  • Munitions detection

Background:

  • Shallow coastal waters pose challenges for detecting submerged objects like ammunition.
  • Existing methods like side-scan sonar and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) surveys have limitations in accuracy and feasibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of snippet backscatter data from high-frequency multibeam echosounder systems for ammunition detection.
  • To assess the horizontal accuracy of this method compared to side-scan sonar and AUV surveys.

Main Methods:

  • Collected data using a high-frequency multibeam echosounder system (200-400 kHz) in shallow Baltic Sea coastal waters (up to 18m depth).
  • Analyzed snippet backscatter data in an area with a flat seafloor of sand and silt sediments, near an ammunition dumping site.
  • Compared multibeam echosounder data with side-scan sonar and AUV survey data.

Main Results:

  • Snippet backscatter data proved feasible for detecting ammunition of various sizes.
  • The high-frequency multibeam echosounder system demonstrated potential for improving horizontal position accuracy up to 0.08m.
  • Results showed comparable or improved performance over traditional methods.

Conclusions:

  • Snippet backscatter analysis using high-frequency multibeam echosounders is a promising method for underwater ammunition detection.
  • This technique offers enhanced horizontal position accuracy, valuable for unexploded ordnance (UXO) surveys.
  • The study supports the integration of this technology into marine surveying for hazardous object identification.