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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Selection for Gaia across Multiple Scales.

Timothy M Lenton1, Stuart J Daines1, James G Dyke2

  • 1Earth System Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|July 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Life regulates Earth's environment through sequential selection, favoring stable systems and promoting long-term persistence. This process filters macroevolutionary innovations, explaining global environmental regulation.

Keywords:
Gaia hypothesisbiogeochemical cyclingclimateenvironmental regulationfeedbackselection

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Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • The Gaia hypothesis proposes life regulates the global environment.
  • Conventional evolutionary mechanisms struggle to explain global-scale environmental regulation due to spatial and temporal decoupling.
  • Life's role in Earth system regulation remains a complex puzzle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the mechanisms behind global-scale environmental regulation mediated by life.
  • To propose a novel evolutionary model for Earth system stability.
  • To reconcile local and ecosystem-level regulation with global environmental control.

Main Methods:

  • Postulation of new theoretical models and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of evolutionary processes at different scales (local, ecosystem, global).
  • Concept of 'sequential selection' to explain system persistence and stability.

Main Results:

  • Natural selection drives nutrient recycling and environmental regulation at local and ecosystem scales.
  • Global regulation emerges through 'sequential selection,' where unstable systems go extinct.
  • Persistence-enhancing properties are favored, leading to 'selection by survival alone'.

Conclusions:

  • Earth system feedbacks act as a filter for macroevolutionary innovations that promote persistence.
  • Sequential selection provides a framework for understanding how life stabilizes the global environment.
  • This model offers a new perspective on the enduring Gaia puzzle.