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Related Concept Videos

Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System
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p53 Is Active in Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells.

Melissa Rodrigues1,2, Ivana Antonucci1,3, Seham Elabd2,4

  • 11 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d' Annunzio University , Chieti-Pescara, Italy .

Stem Cells and Development
|July 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human amniotic fluid cells express p53 (a tumor suppressor protein), but its activity is reduced. DNA damage and neural differentiation increase p53 levels and gene regulation in these cells.

Keywords:
DNA damage responseamniotic fluid cellsapoptosisdifferentiationp53proliferation

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Human amniotic fluid cells are of increasing interest.
  • Limited knowledge exists regarding p53 regulation and function in these cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression, localization, function, and regulation of p53 in human amniotic fluid cells.
  • To determine how DNA damage and differentiation affect p53 in this cell type.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of p53 expression and localization in undifferentiated and differentiated human amniotic fluid cells.
  • Assessment of p53's antiproliferative activity.
  • Investigation of p53's regulation of target genes (Igf2, c-jun) under normal and DNA-damaging conditions.
  • Evaluation of p53 changes during neural differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Undifferentiated amniotic fluid cells express lower levels of p53 compared to cancer cells, with nuclear localization but compromised antiproliferative activity.
  • p53 regulates the maternal imprinted gene Igf2 and the proto-oncogene c-jun in these cells.
  • DNA damage induces increased p53 abundance and transcriptional activation of its target genes.
  • Cell differentiation towards the neural lineage results in progressive p53 induction.

Conclusions:

  • Human amniotic fluid cells possess a functional, albeit compromised, p53 pathway.
  • p53 plays a role in regulating key genes and responds to DNA damage and differentiation cues in amniotic fluid cells.
  • These findings provide new insights into the biology of human amniotic fluid cells and the p53 pathway in a unique cellular context.