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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance01:39

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Evaluating the Role of Mitochondrial Function in Cancer-related Fatigue
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Mitochondrial inheritance and cancer.

Jing Dong1, Lee-Jun Wong2, Martha P Mims3

  • 1Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

Translational Research : the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
|July 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations are linked to cancer development and patient outcomes. Understanding these changes offers potential for early cancer detection and novel therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital organelles involved in cellular processes including metabolism, growth, and apoptosis.
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations are increasingly recognized for their role in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance.
  • Maternally inherited mtDNA is a potential factor in cancer development and prognosis, and a target for cancer therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations in cancer.
  • To focus on somatic changes, germline variants, haplogroups, large deletions, and mtDNA content variations related to cancer susceptibility and prognosis.
  • To discuss the potential of mtDNA as biomarkers for cancer detection and as therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies investigating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations in various cancers.
  • Analysis of research focusing on somatic mutations, germline variants, haplogroups, large deletions, and mtDNA copy number variations.
  • Synthesis of findings related to cancer susceptibility, progression, and patient prognosis.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations, including somatic changes and variations in content, are associated with cancer susceptibility and prognosis.
  • Specific mtDNA alterations such as germline variants, haplogroups, and large deletions may influence cancer development and patient outcomes.
  • The review highlights the multifaceted roles of mtDNA in oncogenic signaling and cellular metabolism within transformed cells.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations represent a significant area of research in oncology.
  • mtDNA holds promise as a biomarker for early cancer detection and as a target for novel cancer treatments.
  • Further investigation is required to elucidate the precise mechanisms linking mtDNA alterations to cancer development and progression.