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Southern Blot

Southern Blot

Agarose gel electrophoresis is very useful in separating DNA fragments by size. Running a DNA ladder containing fragments of the known length alongside the sample helps determine the approximate length of the sample DNA fragments. However, additional steps are needed to verify the sequence identity of the sample DNA fragments.
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Oscillations In An LC Circuit

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An idealized LC circuit of zero resistance can oscillate without any source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In such an LC circuit, if the capacitor contains a charge q before the switch is closed, then all the energy of the circuit is initially stored in the electric field of the capacitor. This energy is given by

Forced Oscillations

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Damped Oscillations

In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Published on: May 9, 2021

El Niño-Southern Oscillation complexity.

Axel Timmermann^1,2,3, Soon-Il An⁴, Jong-Seong Kug⁵

¹Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, South Korea. timmermann@pusan.ac.kr.

|July 27, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

El Niño events cause tropical Pacific warming and trade wind weakening, impacting global climate and ecosystems. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major driver of year-to-year climate variability.

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Area of Science:

Climate Science
Oceanography
Atmospheric Science

Background:

El Niño events involve tropical Pacific Ocean surface warming and weakened trade winds.
These events occur periodically, influencing global climate patterns.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) encompasses both El Niño and La Niña phases, representing significant climate variability.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize current understanding of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
To explore the spatio-temporal complexity of this major climate mode.
To review ENSO's broad influence on the Earth system.

Main Methods:

Review of existing scientific literature on ENSO.
Synopsis of current knowledge regarding ENSO's characteristics and impacts.
Analysis of spatio-temporal patterns and global influences.

Main Results:

El Niño events are characterized by specific ocean-atmosphere conditions in the tropical Pacific.
ENSO significantly alters atmospheric and oceanic circulation globally.
Impacts extend to marine and terrestrial ecosystems, fisheries, and human activities.

Conclusions:

ENSO is the strongest driver of interannual climate variability globally.
Understanding ENSO's complexity is crucial for predicting climate impacts.
This synopsis provides a foundational overview of ENSO's role in the Earth system.