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Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

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The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production
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Aggregation-Resistant 3D MXene-Based Architecture as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water

Luyang Xiu1, Zhiyu Wang1, Mengzhou Yu1

  • 1State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , Liaoning China.

ACS Nano
|July 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel 3D MXene architecture using capillary forces to prevent aggregation. This 3D MXene enhances surface area and performance for advanced electrocatalysts, particularly for water splitting applications.

Keywords:
3D architectureMXeneaggregation-resistant structurebifunctional electrocatalystwater splitting

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • MXenes are promising 2D materials with excellent conductivity and surface properties.
  • Intersheet aggregation due to van der Waals forces limits MXene processability and performance.
  • Developing strategies to overcome MXene aggregation is crucial for their practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an aggregation-resistant 3D MXene architecture.
  • To enhance the surface area and intrinsic properties of MXene.
  • To create high-performance hybrid electrocatalysts for energy applications.

Main Methods:

  • A capillary-forced assembling strategy was employed to create hierarchical 3D MXene structures.
  • The 3D MXene was coupled with electrochemically active materials like cobalt phosphides (CoP).
  • Electrocatalytic activity for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions was evaluated in an alkaline electrolyte.

Main Results:

  • The 3D MXene architecture demonstrated high resistance to aggregation, doubling the surface area.
  • The resulting 3D MXene exhibited improved kinetics, robustness, and processability.
  • CoP-3D MXene hybrids showed superior bifunctional electrocatalytic activity for overall water splitting compared to traditional catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • The aggregation-resistant 3D MXene strategy effectively overcomes limitations of 2D MXenes.
  • These 3D MXene-based hybrids show significant potential for high-performance electrocatalysis, especially in water splitting.
  • This approach paves the way for advanced MXene applications in energy storage and conversion.