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Osmoregulation in Insects01:47

Osmoregulation in Insects

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Initiation of Translation02:33

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Zika Virus Specific Diagnostic Epitope Discovery
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Insect-specific viruses: from discovery to potential translational applications.

Shahideh Nouri1, Emilyn E Matsumura2, Yen-Wen Kuo2

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.

Current Opinion in Virology
|July 27, 2018
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Summary

New insect-specific viruses (ISVs) are being discovered using advanced sequencing. These viruses show potential for biological control, such as reducing West Nile virus transmission in mosquitoes.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Entomology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Arthropod-borne diseases

Background:

  • Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics have revolutionized virus discovery in arthropods, particularly insects.
  • This has led to a surge in identifying novel insect-specific viruses (ISVs), expanding our understanding of insect viromes and viral evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review high-throughput sequencing technologies for discovering insect viruses and discuss challenges in data interpretation.
  • To explore the potential of ISVs as biological control agents against insect vectors and vector-borne diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of high-throughput sequencing technologies (e.g., next-generation sequencing).
  • Analysis of bioinformatics tools for viral discovery and data interpretation.
  • Case study illustrating the use of Nhumirim virus to reduce West Nile virus transmission.

Main Results:

  • Novel ISVs have been discovered, offering new insights into insect virology.
  • Nhumirim virus demonstrated efficacy in reducing West Nile virus transmission in mosquito vectors through co-infection.
  • ISVs present translational opportunities for biological control strategies.

Conclusions:

  • ISVs hold significant promise for developing novel biological control methods against insect vectors.
  • Potential applications include interfering with pathogen acquisition, direct targeting of insect vectors, and enhancing insect vector resistance to pathogens.
  • Further research into ISVs can lead to innovative strategies for managing vector-borne diseases.