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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
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ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
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Electromotive Force

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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs
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Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

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Foam-driven fracture.

Ching-Yao Lai1, Bhargav Rallabandi1, Antonio Perazzo1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aqueous foams offer sustainable hydraulic fracturing, reducing water use. This study reveals foam

Keywords:
fluid-driven cracksfluid–structure interactionsfoam fracturingfoamshydraulic fracturing

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Materials science
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Hydraulic fracturing conventionally uses high-pressure water injection to fracture shale formations.
  • Aqueous foams present a sustainable alternative, minimizing water consumption and wastewater.
  • The physical mechanisms governing foam fracturing and compressible foam applications are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct fracture propagation dynamics of compressible foams compared to incompressible fluids.
  • To develop a macroscopic model for compressible foam flow based on bubble-scale physics.
  • To establish a scaling law for fracture length evolution during foam injection.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated bubble-scale dynamics of foam flow.
  • Developed a macroscopic model for compressible foam flow.
  • Conducted experiments to validate the model and derived scaling law.

Main Results:

  • Foam injection exhibits unique fracture propagation dynamics driven by fluid compressibility.
  • A validated model for macroscopic, compressible foam flow was established.
  • A scaling law for fracture length as a function of time was identified and experimentally confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • The compressibility of aqueous foams significantly alters fracture mechanics compared to traditional hydraulic fracturing.
  • The developed model and scaling law provide critical insights into foam fracturing.
  • Findings advance understanding of compressible foam applications in energy, safety, and recovery.