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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated from serum creatinine using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula or the chronic kidney disease–epidemiology collaboration (CKD–EPI) equation. Both methods are widely used in clinical practice to assess kidney function and guide treatment decisions.The MDRD equation does not require weight or height measurements and is normalized to the body surface area of 1.73 m², considered the average adult surface area.
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Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
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A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
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A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate HoLEP.
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Low dose rate prostate brachytherapy.

Bradley J Stish1, Brian J Davis1, Lance A Mynderse2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Translational Andrology and Urology
|July 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy offers excellent cancer control and precise radiation delivery for prostate cancer. This image-guided technique is cost-effective, convenient, and recommended for most non-metastatic prostate cancers.

Keywords:
Prostate cancerlow dose rate brachytherapyradiation therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Low dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy is an established radiation technique with proven oncologic results.
  • It offers superior dose escalation and conformality over external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) due to direct image guidance.
  • Toxicity rates for LDR brachytherapy are low, with grade 3 or 4 genitourinary/gastrointestinal issues occurring in 1-4% of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the technical aspects and clinical outcomes of LDR prostate brachytherapy.
  • To discuss patient selection criteria for LDR brachytherapy.
  • To highlight LDR brachytherapy's role in prostate cancer management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on LDR prostate brachytherapy.
  • Analysis of oncologic outcomes and toxicity profiles.
  • Discussion of treatment combinations (monotherapy vs. supplemental EBRT/ADT).

Main Results:

  • LDR brachytherapy achieves excellent oncologic outcomes with high precision.
  • Low rates of severe toxicity (1-4%) are reported.
  • It is a cost-effective, same-day surgical procedure.
  • Endorsed by expert consensus for all risk groups of non-metastatic prostate cancer.

Conclusions:

  • LDR prostate brachytherapy is a highly effective and precise treatment for prostate cancer.
  • It can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments for optimal results.
  • Careful patient selection is crucial for maximizing benefits and minimizing risks.