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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Seeing slavery in seafood supply chains.

Katrina Nakamura1, Lori Bishop2, Trevor Ward3

  • 1Sustainability Incubator, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA.

Science Advances
|July 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Food companies can use the Labor Safe Screen to assess and reduce forced labor risks in seafood supply chains. This framework enhances awareness of labor conditions and identifies areas for improvement.

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Area of Science:

  • Supply Chain Management
  • Human Rights
  • Food Industry Practices

Background:

  • The seafood supply chain is complex and prone to labor exploitation, particularly forced labor.
  • Workers are often employed through subcontractors in the early production stages, obscuring labor conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of integrating a labor safety dimension into tracking and traceability systems for seafood.
  • To develop and test a framework for identifying and mitigating forced labor risks in seafood supply chains.

Main Methods:

  • A five-point framework, the Labor Safe Screen, was designed, combining technology, industry data, and human rights data.
  • The framework was tested on 118 products, with 18 food companies utilizing at least three components.
  • Companies documented supply chains, engaged suppliers, and cross-checked findings, with some incorporating direct worker feedback.

Main Results:

  • Companies successfully identified areas with adequate, unknown, or inadequate working conditions.
  • The Labor Safe Screen facilitated systematic supply chain documentation and supplier engagement.
  • Direct worker feedback helped companies focus resources on improving labor conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Food companies can effectively assess and mitigate forced labor risks in seafood supply chains using the Labor Safe Screen.
  • The framework enhances awareness of labor conditions and pinpoints targets for further diligence and remedies.
  • This approach moves beyond claiming 'no slavery' towards proactive risk management and improved worker welfare.