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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
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Guidelines for Writing Outcome01:11

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When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...
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Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells01:18

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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
Adult stem cells
Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
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Hyperprogression as a distinct outcome after immunotherapy.

J Fuentes-Antrás1, M Provencio2, E Díaz-Rubio3

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

Cancer Treatment Reviews
|July 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunotherapy can accelerate tumor progression in some patients, a phenomenon called hyperprogression. Identifying patients at risk is crucial for better cancer treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
BiomarkerHyperprogressionImmunotherapyPD-1/PD-L1Tumor Growth Kinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Therapeutics

Background:

  • Immunotherapy offers new hope for cancer treatment by harnessing the immune system.
  • However, a subset of patients (4-29%) experiences accelerated tumor progression, termed hyperprogression.
  • Current RECIST criteria struggle to identify hyperprogression early, necessitating new assessment methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of hyperprogressive disease (HPD) following immunotherapy.
  • To discuss epidemiological data, clinical predictors, and potential biomarkers for HPD.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying HPD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on immunotherapy and hyperprogression.
  • Analysis of proposed parameters like Tumor Growth Rate (TGR) and Tumor Growth Kinetics (TGK).
  • Examination of clinical and molecular factors associated with HPD.

Main Results:

  • Hyperprogression is defined as RECIST progression with doubled growth pace post-treatment compared to pre-treatment.
  • Factors associated with HPD include older age, high metastatic load, and prior irradiation.
  • Biomarkers like MDM2 amplification and EGFR aberrations require validation; tumor mutation burden and circulating DNA are also potential indicators.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperprogression presents a significant challenge in immunotherapy, distinct from pseudoprogression, and is linked to worse survival.
  • Accurate identification of HPD risk is critical for optimizing cancer immunotherapy strategies.
  • Further research into validated biomarkers and molecular drivers is essential for managing HPD.