Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Specific Heat

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...

Heating and Cooling Curves

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...

Quantifying Heat

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

Heat Flow and Specific Heat

Heat Flow and Specific Heat

Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is...

Heat Engines

Heat Engines

A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
Whenever we consider heat engines (and associated devices such as refrigerators and heat pumps), we do not use the standard sign convention for heat and work. For convenience, we assume that the symbols Qh, Qc, and W represent only the amounts of heat transferred...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Correction: Telemedicine via data glasses in CBRN protection suit-Evaluation of medical qualification and technical feasibility.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Die Anaesthesiologie·2026

Same author

Correction: Poor reporting quality of randomized controlled trials comparing treatments of COVID-19-A retrospective cross-sectional study on the first year of publications.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Die Anaesthesiologie·2026

Same author

Fast-track extubation in minimally invasive cardiac surgery: limits and lessons of a 4-year single-center analysis.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2025

Same author

[S3 guideline on sepsis-prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up care-update 2025].

Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Published on: February 27, 2016

Heating capabilities of small fluid warming systems.

Norbert Zoremba¹, Christian Bruells², Rolf Rossaint²

¹Department of Anaesthesiology, Sankt Elisabeth Hospital Gütersloh, Stadtring Kattenstroth 130, D-33332, Gütersloh, Germany. norbert.zoremba@sankt-elisabeth-hospital.de.

BMC Anesthesiology

|July 30, 2018

Summary

Fluid warmers are essential for maintaining patient normothermia. The enFlow® fluid warmer demonstrated superior performance in heating ice-cooled saline at high flow rates compared to Fluido compact® and Thermosens®.

Keywords:

Anesthesia Body temperature Fluid warmer Hypothermia Infusion

More Related Videos

Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts with Cell-Free Systems

Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts with Cell-Free Systems

Published on: August 30, 2021

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

Published on: September 8, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Published on: February 27, 2016

Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts with Cell-Free Systems

Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts with Cell-Free Systems

Published on: August 30, 2021

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

Published on: September 8, 2012

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Medical Devices
Patient Safety

Background:

Perioperative temperature management is crucial for maintaining normothermia.
Modern fluid warmers are becoming smaller, raising questions about their heating efficiency.
Ensuring stable body temperature is vital for patient outcomes during surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the heating effectiveness of three fluid warmers: enFlow®, Fluido compact®, and Thermosens®.
To compare their performance with room-tempered and ice-cooled saline at various flow rates.
To determine if reduced size impacts the heating performance of fluid warmers.

Main Methods:

Tested enFlow®, Fluido compact®, and Thermosens® fluid warmers.
Measured inlet and outlet temperatures of saline.
Utilized room-tempered and ice-cooled saline.
Assessed performance at flow rates of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ml/min.

Main Results:

All devices effectively warmed room-tempered saline across all flow rates.
enFlow® consistently provided significantly higher outlet temperatures (p < 0.05) for room-tempered saline.
With ice-cooled saline, enFlow® maintained >38°C at all flow rates, outperforming Fluido compact® and Thermosens® at higher rates.

Conclusions:

All tested fluid warmers are effective for room-tempered saline.
enFlow® exhibits superior heating performance with ice-cooled saline, especially at high flow rates.
At low flow rates, the heating capabilities of enFlow®, Fluido compact®, and Thermosens® are comparable.