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Ali Ghazizadeh1, Simon Hong2, Okihide Hikosaka3

  • 1Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Electrical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran; Brain Engineering Center and School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran 19395-5746, Iran.

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Summary

The primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) stores stable, long-term memories of object values, even without rewards. These high-capacity memories persist for months, influencing future object prioritization.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Primate Cognition

Background:

  • The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for cognitive control and memory utilization.
  • Neuronal representations of long-term memory in the PFC remain under-investigated compared to short-term memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neuronal representation of long-term memory in the primate PFC.
  • To determine if the PFC maintains stable value-based object representations over extended periods.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized single-unit recordings in macaques performing object-reward association tasks.
  • Monitored neuronal responses to objects based on short-term reward history and long-term associations.
  • Assessed memory retention, extinction resistance, and interference from new learning.

Main Results:

  • PFC neurons rapidly update and maintain object responses based on reward history.
  • Value-biased responses persisted in PFC neurons long after reward cessation.
  • These stable, value-biased responses were retained for months, resisting extinction and interference for most objects (>90).

Conclusions:

  • Primate PFC supports stable, high-capacity long-term memories, not just flexible short-term ones.
  • These long-term memories can prioritize valuable objects for future decisions.
  • Findings reveal a dual memory system within the PFC for short-term flexibility and long-term stability.