Violence among illicit drug users recruited in drug treatment facilities

Illicit drug use is known to be associated with injuries resulting from violence. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of violence, for the last 12 months, in illicit drug users and study the victim-offender overlap, separately by sex. Persons using illicit drugs (502) were recruited in drug treatment facilities. Violence was assessed using four questions for victim and one for perpetrator in the last 12 months. Associations between violence and socio-demographic, substance use, crime and illegal drug market aspects were examined with Poisson regression models. Victimization was reported by 49.6% men and 54.7% women; offending by 36.5% and 27.6%, respectively. Higher prevalence ratios of both victim and offender were observed among participants with marginal income generation activities and alcohol risk use. Victimization was more likely in women using parenteral route and among men with early illegal drug use, illegal polydrug use or history of imprisonment. Offending was more likely among men reporting psychological treatment, early illegal drug use, illegal polydrug use or past imprisonment, and women reporting early illegal drug use or trafficking. Thus, a high prevalence of violence (both victimization and perpetration) was found in illicit drug users, especially among those involved in market activities and crime. Drug treatment facilities should consider assessing for history and signs of violence and promote community health strategies.