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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
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Volume calculation often begins with simple geometric solids. For example, the volume of a rectangular box is obtained by multiplying the area of its base by its height. This straightforward approach relies on the fact that the cross-sectional area of the box remains constant throughout its length. Many real-world objects, however, do not have uniform cross-sections, and their volumes cannot be determined using elementary geometric formulas.To address this limitation, the Slicing Method...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solid-State Photon Upconversion Materials: Structural Integrity and Triplet-Singlet Dual Energy Migration.

Biplab Joarder1, Nobuhiro Yanai1, Nobuo Kimizuka1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|July 31, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photon upconversion (TTA-UC) converts low-energy light to high-energy light. This perspective explores solid-state TTA-UC materials, highlighting strategies for improved efficiency under low light conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry
  • Optics

Background:

  • Triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) efficiently converts lower-energy photons to higher-energy photons.
  • While TTA-UC is well-established in solution, solid-state applications face significant challenges.
  • Developing efficient solvent-free solid-state upconverters is crucial for real-world applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss various approaches for achieving TTA-UC in solvent-free solid systems.
  • To identify key challenges hindering the performance of solid-state TTA-UC materials.
  • To introduce novel concepts for enhancing TTA-UC efficiency in solid matrices.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of energy migration-based TTA-UC mechanisms in solid-state systems.
  • Analysis of strategies including donor dispersion, defect engineering, and dual energy migration.
  • Review of recent advancements in material design for improved upconversion performance.

Main Results:

  • Energy migration-based TTA-UC shows promise for high efficiency under weak solar irradiance.
  • Current solid-state TTA-UC systems exhibit limitations in overall performance.
  • New concepts like kinetic/thermodynamic donor dispersion, defectless crystals, and triplet-singlet dual energy migration are key to progress.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state TTA-UC materials are essential for practical applications.
  • Optimizing TTA-UC in solids requires addressing challenges in energy transfer and material design.
  • Integrating advanced concepts like donor dispersion and dual energy migration could lead to ideal TTA-UC systems.