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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Ionic Liquid-Containing Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Graphene Oxide-Based Surfactants.

Qinmo Luo1, Yifei Wang1, Esther Yoo1

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Graphene oxide nanoparticles create stable ionic liquid emulsions. Modified nanoparticles enable both IL-in-water and IL-in-oil Pickering emulsions, expanding applications for advanced materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Colloid and Surface Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Pickering emulsions, stabilized by particles, offer an alternative to traditional emulsion systems.
  • Developing novel particle surfactants is key for advanced emulsion applications.
  • Ionic liquids (ILs) present unique properties but require specific stabilization methods for emulsions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare and characterize ionic liquid-in-water and ionic liquid-in-oil emulsions stabilized by graphene oxide (GO)-based nanoparticles.
  • To investigate the influence of particle concentration, fluid ratios, and pH on emulsion stability.
  • To demonstrate the versatility of GO-based surfactants for various ILs and inverted emulsion systems.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and alkylated graphene oxide (C18-GO) nanoparticles.
  • Preparation of IL-in-water and IL-in-oil emulsions using GO and C18-GO as stabilizers.
  • Systematic study of emulsion formation and stability under varying conditions (particle concentration, fluid ratio, pH).
  • Functionalization of GO with perfluorinated alkyl chains to achieve dispersibility in ILs for inverted emulsions.

Main Results:

  • GO nanosheets effectively stabilized [Bmim][PF6]-in-water emulsions.
  • C18-GO nanosheets successfully stabilized [Bmim][PF6]-in-oil emulsions.
  • Emulsion stability was influenced by particle concentration, fluid ratio, and pH, with differing effects on aqueous and oil systems.
  • Water-in-IL and oil-in-IL emulsions were successfully prepared using functionalized GO, demonstrating tunable interfacial properties.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene oxide-based nanoparticles are effective stabilizers for a range of ionic liquid emulsions.
  • Tailoring the surface chemistry of GO allows for the creation of both conventional and inverted Pickering emulsions.
  • This work provides a foundation for designing complex composite materials utilizing ionic liquid emulsions stabilized by nanoparticles.