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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
Published on: December 28, 2021
Partial Bladder Boost Using Lipiodol Marking During Image-guided Radiotherapy for Bladder Cancer
Ryuji Nakamura1, Hisao Kakuhara2, Koyo Kikuchi2
1Department of Radiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan rnakamur@iwate-med.ac.jp.
Background/Aim:
Secure dose escalation is required to compensate avoidance of concurrent chemotherapy in radiotherapy for increasing elderly bladder cancer. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lipiodol submucosally injected as a fiducial marker during image-guided radiotherapy (Lip-IGRT) for muscle invasive bladder cancer (BC).
Patients And Methods:
Twenty-three patients with T2a-4aN0-1M0 BC underwent whole-bladder irradiation of 46 Gy and Lip-IGRT of 20 Gy, conventionally. The bladder volume exposed to 19 Gy (bV19:%) on Lip-IGRT was referred as an index predicting cystitis.
Results:
Lipiodol consistently highlighted the boundaries of 20 tumors (88%) on planning and portal verification images. Three of 4 patients under oral anticoagulant agents usage were complicated with grade ≥2 hematuria for 3 days (a patient with a bV19 of >50%) or more than a year (2 patients with bV19 of <50%) after the injection. The 3-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 70.4% and 71.1%, respectively.
Conclusion:
Lipiodol marking is an effective way of demarcating BC. However, it is necessary to address the comorbidities of elderly patients.
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