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Bacterial diversification through geological time.

Stilianos Louca1,2, Patrick M Shih3,4,5, Matthew W Pennell6,7

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Bacterial diversification has been increasing for 1 billion years, with millions of lineages existing today. Contrary to popular belief, bacteria do go extinct, with recent extinction rates nearly matching speciation rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Estimating diversification dynamics is crucial for understanding life's history.
  • Bacteria, the most ancient life forms, lack rigorous diversification estimates.
  • Previous studies focused on plants and animals, neglecting bacterial evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct global bacterial diversification dynamics.
  • To estimate the number of extant bacterial lineages.
  • To determine bacterial speciation and extinction rates.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of large bacterial phylogenies (up to 448,112 lineages).
  • Development of methods based on statistical properties of infinitely large trees.
  • Analysis of sequencing data from 60 environmental studies to assess missing diversity.

Main Results:

  • Estimated 1.4-1.9 million extant bacterial lineages (99% 16S rRNA gene similarity).
  • Bacterial diversity has continuously increased over the past 1 billion years.
  • Recent bacterial extinction rates (0.03-0.05 lineage⁻¹ Myr⁻¹) are close to speciation rates.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial extinction is a significant factor in their evolutionary history.
  • The notion that bacteria are unlikely to go extinct is disproven.
  • Provides insights into the evolutionary history of bacteria, a domain with a limited fossil record.