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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...

Sensory Modalities

Sensory Modalities

Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

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Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Enhanced water splitting under modal strong coupling conditions.

Xu Shi¹, Kosei Ueno¹, Tomoya Oshikiri¹

¹Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

Nature Nanotechnology

|August 1, 2018

Summary

Strong coupling between plasmonic and optical modes enhances light absorption for water splitting. This study demonstrates an 11-fold increase in efficiency using a gold nanoparticle/TiO2/gold-film photoanode.

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Area of Science:

Plasmonics and Nanophotonics
Materials Science
Photocatalysis

Background:

Strong coupling between plasmons and optical modes creates hybrid modes with enhanced near-field effects.
These hybrid modes have potential applications in improving light absorption.
Water splitting reactions require efficient light absorption and charge separation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the facilitation of water splitting reactions via modal strong coupling.
To explore the use of a gold nanoparticle (Au-NP)/TiO2/Au-film structure as a photoanode.
To analyze the impact of coupling strength on water-oxidation efficiency.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a photoanode structure with partially inlaid Au NPs in a TiO2 layer on an Au film.
Characterization of modal strong coupling between Fabry-Pérot nanocavity modes and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR).
Measurement of incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) and internal quantum efficiency (IQE).

Main Results:

The Au-NP/TiO2/Au-film structure exhibited modal strong coupling, forming optical hybrid modes.
Electronic excitation of Au NPs and subsequent hot electron transfer to TiO2 were promoted.
An 11-fold increase in IPCE and a 1.5-fold enhancement in IQE were observed under strong coupling compared to uncoupled conditions.

Conclusions:

Modal strong coupling effectively facilitates water splitting reactions.
The proposed photoanode structure demonstrates significant improvements in light absorption and water-oxidation efficiency.
Partial inlaying of Au NPs enhances coupling strength and overall device performance.