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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Metastasis02:30

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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What is Cancer?02:12

What is Cancer?

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Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
Although people have known about cancer for centuries, it was only in 1761 that Giovanni Morgagni of Padua performed a detailed autopsy of...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Quantitation of Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Metastasis
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Quantitation of Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Published on: July 18, 2016

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Complementing Cancer Metastasis.

Dawn M Kochanek1, Shanawaz M Ghouse1, Magdalena M Karbowniczek1

  • 1Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|August 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system, crucial for immunity, unexpectedly promotes cancer progression and metastasis. Recent research reveals its role in creating premetastatic niches and suppressing anti-tumor immunity.

Keywords:
alveolar macrophagescancercomplement system proteinsepithelial–mesenchymal transitionmetastasismyeloid-derived suppressor cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • The complement system is a critical component of innate immunity, bridging innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • While essential for fighting infections and regulating inflammation, complement dysregulation is linked to autoimmune diseases.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the complement system's unexpected role in promoting cancer progression and metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted roles of the complement system in cancer, particularly its recently discovered functions in metastasis.
  • To understand how complement components contribute to the formation of premetastatic niches and influence anti-tumor immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical studies on complement components and their interactions with tumor cells.
  • Analysis of recent research on complement's role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and premetastatic niche formation.
  • Investigation of complement component C5a's interaction with C5a receptor 1 and its impact on immunosuppressive cells and macrophages.

Main Results:

  • Complement components directly regulate tumor growth by interacting with tumor cell receptors and suppressing anti-tumor immunity.
  • Complement actively promotes cancer metastasis by facilitating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and establishing premetastatic niches.
  • Complement component C5a, acting via C5a receptor 1, inhibits anti-tumor immunity by recruiting immunosuppressive cells and altering macrophage function in metastatic target organs.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system plays a complex and significant role in cancer progression, extending beyond primary tumor growth to actively drive metastasis.
  • Targeting complement pathways, particularly C5a signaling, presents a potential therapeutic strategy to combat cancer metastasis.
  • Further research into complement's intricate interactions within the tumor microenvironment is crucial for developing novel cancer therapies.