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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

920
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
920
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Related Experiment Video

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Robotic Cochlear Implantation for Direct Cochlear Access
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Language development in the pediatric cochlear implant patient.

Robert J Ruben1

  • 1Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Pediatrics Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center Bronx New York U.S.A.

Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
|August 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early cochlear implantation (CI) in children with congenital deafness significantly improves language development. Optimal language outcomes are achieved with CI before 12 months of age, with outcomes declining with later implantation.

Keywords:
cochlear implantlanguage outcome

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric audiology
  • Developmental linguistics
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Congenital deafness impacts language acquisition.
  • The critical period for language development is crucial for optimal outcomes.
  • Cochlear implantation (CI) is a primary intervention for severe to profound hearing loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term language development in children who received cochlear implants during the sensitive period for language acquisition.
  • To determine the correlation between the age of cochlear implantation and language outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed.
  • Studies were selected based on cochlear implantation between birth and 24 months.
  • Linguistic outcomes were analyzed at least three years post-implantation.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-one reports (2004-2017) with follow-up ranging from 3 to over 10 years were analyzed.
  • Earlier implantation consistently correlated with better language outcomes, particularly for those implanted before 12 months.
  • While many children achieved age-appropriate language, some studies indicated expressive and receptive language age levels below 80% for those implanted after 12 months.

Conclusions:

  • Cochlear implantation is effective in improving language deficits in congenitally deaf children.
  • Implantation before one year of age yields the best receptive and expressive language outcomes.
  • Delayed implantation beyond the age of one is associated with diminished language development.