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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Autoimmune thyroid diseases in children.

Prasanthi Pasala1, Gary L Francis1

  • 1a Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics , Children's Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|August 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AIT) in children involve genetic factors and environmental triggers. This review covers recent research on their causes and treatment controversies.

Keywords:
Graves’ diseaseHashimoto thyroiditisThyroidautoimmunechildrengoiter

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AIT) are prevalent in children, presenting with diverse symptoms like goiter, hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism.
  • The progression of AIT in pediatric populations may differ from adults, yet shared genetic risk factors and environmental triggers initiate thyroid autoimmunity across all age groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on the genetic factors and environmental triggers implicated in pediatric autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • To discuss current approaches and ongoing controversies in managing children with AIT.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on thyroid autoimmunity in children.
  • Analysis of genetic and environmental factors contributing to AIT.
  • Examination of treatment strategies and associated controversies.

Main Results:

  • Significant genetic predispositions and environmental influences are identified as key initiators of thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Research highlights the roles of cytokines and regulatory lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of AIT.
  • Treatment approaches for pediatric AIT remain a subject of debate.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay of genetics and environment is crucial for AIT pathogenesis in children.
  • Further research is needed to resolve treatment controversies and optimize management strategies for pediatric AIT.