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Related Concept Videos

Indicators02:39

Indicators

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings

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Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique for managing acute respiratory failure and other respiratory complications. The process involves using a machine known as a ventilator to supply oxygen to the lungs and assist in removing carbon dioxide. It serves as a bridge to long-term mechanical ventilation or a temporary measure until ventilatory support is discontinued. The ventilator can maintain this function for a prolonged period, providing critical support for patients until they can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Prognostic indicators for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Fabio Maino1, Raffaella Forleo1, Furio Pacini1

  • 1a Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy.

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|August 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) management relies on prognostic factors like age, tumor size, and molecular analyses. Evaluating these factors aids in personalized treatment and follow-up for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Differentiated thyroid cancerageextrathyroidal extensiongenderhystotypelymph nodemetastasesmolecular analysesprognostic factorstumor size

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) incidence is rising, largely due to increased papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) detection via ultrasonography.
  • PTC accounts for over 90% of thyroid carcinomas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key prognostic factors influencing the management of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).
  • To highlight the importance of these factors in guiding treatment and follow-up strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed database.
  • Studies published in English since 1960 were included, using terms related to thyroid cancer and prognostic factors.

Main Results:

  • Key prognostic factors identified include patient age, gender, tumor histology (hystotype), size, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node status, and presence of metastases.
  • Molecular analyses are also crucial for assessing prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Prognostic factors are essential for guiding clinicians in treating and monitoring DTC patients.
  • Risk stratification and periodic re-evaluation based on individual response to therapy are critical for optimal patient management.