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Expectancy-Based Strategic Processes Are Influenced by Spatial Working Memory Load and Individual Differences in

Juan J Ortells1, Jan W De Fockert2, Nazaret Romera1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High working memory (WM) load impairs strategic processing in the Stroop task, while low load allows for strategic adjustments. Individual working memory capacity (WMC) influences this effect, especially under low load conditions.

Keywords:
Stroop priming effectsexpectancy-based strategic processesindividual differences in working memory capacityspatial working memoryworking memory load

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Expectancy-based strategies can mitigate cognitive interference effects like the Stroop task.
  • Working memory (WM) plays a crucial role in strategic processing and cognitive control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how varying working memory (WM) load affects expectancy-based strategic processes in a verbal Stroop task.
  • To examine the influence of different non-verbal WM tasks on strategic Stroop performance.
  • To assess the role of individual working memory capacity (WMC) in modulating these effects.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a sequential verbal Stroop task combined with non-verbal WM tasks (arrow retention or dot location memory) under high or low load conditions.
  • A change localization task was used to measure individual working memory capacity (WMC).

Main Results:

  • A significant interaction between congruency and WM load was observed.
  • High WM load abolished strategic processing, resulting in a standard Stroop effect regardless of WMC.
  • Low WM load facilitated strategic processing, leading to a reversed Stroop effect, particularly in individuals with higher WMC.

Conclusions:

  • Working memory load significantly modulates expectancy-based strategies in cognitive tasks, suggesting a domain-general effect.
  • Individual differences in WMC influence the ability to employ strategies under reduced cognitive load.
  • These findings highlight the interplay between WM, strategic control, and individual cognitive abilities.