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Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 10, 2016

Continuous amperometric hydrogen gas sensing in ionic liquids.

Yongan Tang¹, Jianxin He, Xiaoli Gao

¹Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA. zeng@oakland.edu.

|August 2, 2018

Summary

This study introduces an ionic liquid-based amperometric hydrogen sensor that overcomes signal drift, low selectivity, and speed issues for real-time gas detection. The novel sensor offers high sensitivity and selectivity in various conditions, enabling reliable hydrogen monitoring.

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Synthesis of Bimetallic Pt/Sn-based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

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Published on: August 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Chemical Sensing

Background:

Continuous and real-time hydrogen gas sensing faces challenges with signal drift, selectivity, and speed.
Ionic liquids (ILs) offer unique properties for electrochemical applications, including gas sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an innovative amperometric hydrogen sensor using ionic liquids to address limitations in current gas sensing technologies.
To demonstrate real-time, continuous, and selective hydrogen detection with high sensitivity and repeatability.

Main Methods:

Utilized ionic liquids, specifically [Bmpy][NTf2] and [Bmim][NTf2], for their unique redox properties with hydrogen.
Employed simple constant potential amperometry for sensing in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
Implemented a kinetics analysis (ΔI/Δt1/2) for sensor calibration, enabling fast quantitative analysis.

Main Results:

Achieved real-time and continuous hydrogen sensing with high sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability.
Demonstrated tunable sensor sensitivity by varying hydrogen adsorption at the IL-electrode interface.
Successfully quantified hydrogen in ambient environments by leveraging its reaction with oxygen.

Conclusions:

The developed ionic liquid hydrogen sensor exhibits superior performance in sensitivity, selectivity, speed, accuracy, repeatability, and stability.
The sensor's design, combined with miniaturized electronics, is poised to enable widespread area-wide sensing for safety applications.
This technology offers a promising solution for environmental, health, and occupational safety monitoring.