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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
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Center of Gravity00:58

Center of Gravity

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The center of gravity (COG) of an object is the point where the object's total weight is considered to be concentrated. Knowing the location of the center of gravity is useful when predicting the behavior of a moving object or designing static structures. In a uniform gravitational field, the center of gravity is similar to the center of mass (COM); yet, these two points can be positioned differently. For example, the Moon's center of mass lies very close to its geometric center, but...
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The center of gravity is the point at which an object's weight appears to be concentrated and can be used to balance the object perfectly. This point is essential in mechanics as it provides information regarding a body's stability and moments of inertia. The center of gravity does not always have to fall within the shape or boundaries of the body; it may also lie outside the body in certain cases.
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Center of Mass00:59

Center of Mass

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The center of mass is the point at which the total mass of an object can be said to be concentrated. It is a fundamental principle in mechanics and physics that applies to all objects regardless of their shape or size. The center of gravity is the point at which an object’s weight appears to be concentrated and can be used to balance the object perfectly.
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers
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Capturing change in clonal composition amongst single mouse germinal centers.

Daniel J Firl1,2,3, Soren E Degn2,4, Timothy Padera5

  • 1Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, United States.

Elife
|August 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method for long-term imaging of immune cells in mouse lymph nodes, revealing dynamic germinal center evolution and memory B cell movement over weeks.

Keywords:
B cell clonal developmentgerminal centersimmunologyinflammationintravital imagingmouse

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Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Microscopy

Background:

  • Studying cellular processes in vivo over extended periods (days to weeks) is challenging without disrupting tissue homeostasis.
  • Longitudinal analysis of immune responses requires methods that allow repeated observation of the same tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel setup for longitudinal intravital imaging of murine peripheral lymph nodes (LNs).
  • To visualize the formation and evolution of single germinal centers (GCs) over time scales of days to weeks.
  • To investigate the dynamics of immune cell interactions and tissue remodeling within LNs with minimal perturbation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a specialized intravital imaging setup for murine peripheral lymph nodes.
  • Longitudinal observation of germinal center formation and evolution in vivo.
  • High temporospatial resolution imaging to track cellular dynamics and clonal composition shifts.

Main Results:

  • Successfully visualized the formation and evolution of individual germinal centers (GCs) over days to weeks.
  • Observed significant variations in homogenizing selection rates within GCs, even in close proximity.
  • Documented greater GC fluidity than previously reported, with substantial clonal shifts and rare GC loss events.
  • Identified contemporaneous, congruent shifts in clonal composition between GCs, suggesting memory B cell trafficking.

Conclusions:

  • The novel imaging tool enables high-resolution, minimally perturbing longitudinal studies of immune dynamics in peripheral LNs.
  • Germinal center dynamics are more fluid than previously understood, with significant clonal shifts occurring over short timescales.
  • Evidence suggests inter-germinal center trafficking of memory B cells within the same animal.