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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing VbMS In Potato.
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A closer look at blinatumomab.

Ryan J Mattison1

  • 1University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.

Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology : H&O
|August 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Blinatumomab is now approved for B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in patients with minimal residual disease. This expanded approval offers a new treatment option for adults and children in remission.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Blinatumomab (Blincyto) is a bispecific CD19-directed CD3 T-cell engager.
  • Initial approvals were for relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome-negative B-cell precursor ALL in adults and pediatric patients.
  • Previous expansions included Philadelphia chromosome-positive disease.

Discussion:

  • The accelerated expanded approval on March 29, 2018, signifies a crucial advancement in ALL treatment.
  • This approval targets adult and pediatric patients in first or second complete remission with minimal residual disease (MRD).
  • Minimal residual disease (MRD) is a critical prognostic factor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Key Insights:

  • Blinatumomab offers a targeted immunotherapy approach for B-cell precursor ALL.

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  • The expanded indication addresses a significant unmet need in patients with MRD.
  • This approval highlights the growing efficacy of T-cell engaging therapies in hematologic malignancies.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research may explore blinatumomab's role in earlier lines of therapy.
    • Real-world data will be crucial to assess long-term outcomes and safety.
    • Continued development of bispecific antibodies holds promise for various hematologic cancers.