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Related Concept Videos

Imprinting01:22

Imprinting

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Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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What is Evolutionary History?02:35

What is Evolutionary History?

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Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces
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Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

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Plasmonic nano-imprinting by photo-doping.

Yi-Ke Sun, Lei Wang, Masaru Kamano

    Optics Letters
    |August 2, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Controlling electron density in silver nitrate (AgNO3)-doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) enables precise laser-induced nanostructure formation. This method allows for optical sub-wavelength resolution patterning by manipulating surface plasmon waves.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology
    • Optics

    Background:

    • Understanding the relationship between electron density and surface plasmon waves is crucial for developing novel nanostructuring techniques.
    • Laser-induced material modification offers potential for high-resolution patterning but requires precise control over material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a method for directly exploring the effect of electron density on surface plasmon waves and laser-induced structures.
    • To establish controllable doping of silver nitrate (AgNO3) into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a means to tune electron density.
    • To investigate the conditions for forming periodic and uniform nanostructures on PVA surfaces.

    Main Methods:

    • Controllable doping of silver nitrate (AgNO3) into a water-soluble polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

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  • Photo-excitation of electrons in Ag-doped PVA using laser fluence.
  • Application of the Drude-Lorentz model to describe surface wave formation and estimate nanostructure periodicity.

    • Main Results:

    • Periodic nanostructures formed on PVA when electron density exceeded 6×10^20 cm^-3.
    • Uniform nanostructures were achieved at a doping density corresponding to 1.2×10^21 cm^-3.
    • Laser fluence-induced photo-excitation of electrons determined surface plasmon wave conditions and nanostructure formation.

    Conclusions:

    • Photo-electron doping provides a method to control laser-induced pattern formation with optical sub-wavelength resolution.
    • The electron density threshold for periodic nanostructure formation was identified.
    • The Drude-Lorentz model effectively describes the underlying physics of surface wave generation and nanostructure periodicity.