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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Hydrophobic Salt-modified Nafion for Enzyme Immobilization and Stabilization
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Swelling and Diffusion during Methanol Sorption into Hydrated Nafion.

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    This study models methanol uptake in Nafion membranes, revealing that swelling dilutes water and densifies the polymer structure. This interaction increases methanol permeation, impacting membrane performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Polymer Science

    Background:

    • Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) face performance limitations due to time-dependent swelling and relaxation, affecting molecular crossover.
    • The standard solution-diffusion model fails to capture dynamic structural changes during permeation.
    • Understanding these dynamic processes is crucial for optimizing PEMs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a multiscale reaction-diffusion model for methanol uptake and swelling in hydrated Nafion.
    • To investigate the coupling between dynamic internal structural changes and permeation.
    • To compare simulation predictions with experimental spectroscopic data.

    Main Methods:

    • Stochastic multiscale reaction-diffusion modeling of methanol-Nafion interactions.
    • Simulation of time-dependent methanol uptake and membrane swelling.
    • Comparison of simulated data with real-time Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) experiments.

    Main Results:

    • A reaction-limited, local polymer response mechanism accurately predicts experimental FTIR-ATR data.
    • Methanol sorption leads to water dilution and polymer densification during swelling, not significant water diffusion out.
    • The interaction increases Nafion's capacity for methanol-water solutions, enhancing permeation.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed model successfully captures the complex interplay of diffusion, swelling, and polymer response in Nafion.
    • Methanol-Nafion interactions alter membrane structure, leading to increased methanol permeability.
    • This work provides insights into dynamic processes governing PEM performance and suggests avenues for material design.