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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

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In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.
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Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

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According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
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Structure of Lipids03:38

Structure of Lipids

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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...
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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Author Spotlight: Advanced Techniques for Characterizing Tissue Mineralization in Bone Regeneration Research
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Early Caries in an In Vivo Model: Structural and Nanomechanical Characterization.

D T Yucesoy1, H Fong1, C Gresswell1

  • 11 GEMSEC, Genetically Engineered Materials Science and Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|August 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a new rat model for dental caries research, enabling mild lesion formation and detailed characterization. This improved model offers a more natural environment for testing new dental technologies and understanding caries development.

Keywords:
Streptococcus mutanscaries detectiondemineralizationelectron microscopynanoindentationsaliva

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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
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Area of Science:

  • Dental research
  • Cariology
  • Animal models

Background:

  • Rat models are crucial for understanding dental caries mechanisms and developing treatments.
  • Current models have limitations, including reliance on advanced lesions, unnatural environments, and lack of detailed characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an improved rat model for inducing mild dental caries lesions.
  • To provide comprehensive structural and mechanical characterization of these lesions.
  • To establish a more accurate standard caries protocol for dental technology testing.

Main Methods:

  • Established an in vivo model using specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats.
  • Introduced Streptococcus mutans into oral flora without antibiotics or surgery.
  • Monitored bacterial colonization using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  • Analyzed lesions using light and scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and nanoindentation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully induced mild carious lesions in a natural oral environment.
  • Demonstrated a significant increase in Streptococcus mutans colonization efficacy (P < 0.01).
  • Provided detailed structural, morphological, and mechanical characterization of fissure caries.

Conclusions:

  • The developed rat model offers a more accurate and natural approach to studying dental caries.
  • This model facilitates the testing and development of novel dental technologies.
  • The findings can contribute to establishing a standardized protocol for cariology research.