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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance.

Sally R Partridge1, Stephen M Kwong2, Neville Firth2

  • 1Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia sally.partridge@health.nsw.gov.au S.Jensen@westernsydney.edu.au.

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PubMed
Summary

Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat. Mobile genetic elements drive the spread of resistance genes in bacteria, particularly problematic hospital pathogens.

Keywords:
antibiotic resistancegene cassetteinsertion sequenceintegrative conjugative elementintegronplasmidresistance islandtransposon

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a significant global healthcare challenge.
  • Multiresistant strains, both Gram-negative and Gram-positive, are increasingly prevalent.
  • Bacteria acquire resistance through horizontal gene transfer from the wider gene pool.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mobile genetic elements (MGEs) responsible for antibiotic resistance acquisition and spread.
  • To focus on MGEs in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
  • To highlight MGEs in the ESKAPEE group of problematic hospital pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on mobile genetic elements and antibiotic resistance.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of horizontal genetic exchange.
  • Focus on insertion sequences, transposons, gene cassettes/integrons, plasmids, and integrative conjugative elements.

Main Results:

  • MGEs facilitate the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
  • Specific MGEs include insertion sequences, transposons, integrons, plasmids, and integrative conjugative elements.
  • These elements are crucial for resistance development in problematic bacteria like the ESKAPEE group.

Conclusions:

  • Mobile genetic elements are central to the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance.
  • Understanding MGEs is critical for combating the rise of multiresistant bacteria.
  • Targeting MGEs could offer novel strategies against antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings.