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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Published on: December 31, 2017

Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome.

Mohammad Bahram^1,2,3, Falk Hildebrand⁴, Sofia K Forslund^4,5,6

¹Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. bahram@ut.ee.

|August 3, 2018

Summary

Bacterial genetic diversity peaks in temperate soils, while microbial gene composition is more influenced by environmental factors than geography. Biotic interactions, like bacterial-fungal antagonism, also shape these soil communities.

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Ecology
Environmental Science

Background:

Soils host Earth's most diverse microbiomes, crucial for nutrient cycling and carbon storage.
Understanding soil microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) requires modeling their global distribution, gene repertoires, and environmental associations.
Global patterns of microbial diversity and function are essential for predicting ecosystem services.

Purpose of the Study:

To model global distribution patterns and functional gene repertoires of soil microorganisms.
To investigate the biotic and environmental associations shaping bacterial and fungal soil communities.
To understand the drivers of microbial diversity and gene composition in topsoils.

Main Methods:

Utilized metagenomics and metabarcoding on global topsoil samples from 189 sites (7,560 subsamples).
Analyzed bacterial and fungal genetic diversity and gene composition.
Assessed relationships between microbial communities, environmental variables, and geographic distance.

Main Results:

Bacterial genetic diversity is highest in temperate habitats; fungal diversity patterns differ.
Microbial gene composition varies more with environmental variables (precipitation, soil pH) than geographic distance.
Evidence of strong bacterial-fungal antagonism, inferred from antibiotic-resistance genes, suggests significant biotic interactions.

Conclusions:

Fungi and bacteria exhibit global niche differentiation with contrasting responses to environmental factors.
Environmental filtering and competition significantly influence microbial abundance, composition, and gene functions.
The contribution of soil microorganisms to global nutrient cycling varies spatially, influenced by both environmental and biotic factors.