Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Mouse Model: A Novel Approach
08:08

Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Mouse Model: A Novel Approach

Published on: September 22, 2017

11.6K

Energy and Protein Requirements in Children Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery: Current Problems and Future

Jian Zhang1, Yan-Qin Cui2, Ze-Ming Ma Md3

  • 1Clinical Physiology Research Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.

JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
|August 3, 2018
PubMed

Insights

Perioperative nutrition support is crucial for children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Optimizing energy and protein intake using indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance is essential for better clinical outcomes post-cardiopulmonary bypass.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common malformation requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery in infants and children.
  • Perioperative nutrition support is increasingly recognized for its importance in improving clinical outcomes for these patients.
  • Children with CHD often present with preoperative malnutrition, which is exacerbated by the hypermetabolic, hypercatabolic, and hypoanabolic state post-CPB.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review nutrition status and management challenges in perioperative children with CHD within the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU).
  • To propose future research directions based on identified gaps in knowledge and practice.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed for studies on perioperative nutrition in pediatric CHD.
  • Analysis of existing data on energy and protein metabolism, requirements, and current nutrition recommendations in the CICU.
  • Evaluation of methods for assessing nutritional needs, including indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance.

Main Results:

  • Preoperative malnutrition is prevalent in children with CHD undergoing CPB.
  • Limited knowledge exists regarding energy and protein metabolism and requirements in the early postoperative period after CPB.
  • Current CICU nutrition recommendations are often based on weak evidence, leading to insufficient energy and protein delivery.
  • Standard predictive equations inaccurately estimate energy needs in the dynamic postoperative phase.
  • Indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance measurements are recommended for accurate assessment of individual energy and protein requirements.

Conclusions:

  • Children with CHD undergoing CPB frequently experience poor nutritional status preoperatively and inadequate nutritional support postoperatively.
  • Accurate assessment of individual energy and protein requirements using indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance is critical in the early postoperative period.
  • Daily monitoring and tailored nutrition strategies are essential to optimize outcomes for pediatric patients with CHD in the CICU.

Keywords:
cardiopulmonary bypasschildrencongenital heart diseasenutrition

More Related Videos

A Recovery Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model Without Transfusion or Inotropic Agents in Rats09:54

A Recovery Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model Without Transfusion or Inotropic Agents in Rats

Published on: March 23, 2018

8.3K
Author Spotlight: Simulating Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Using a Neonatal Piglet Model04:55

Author Spotlight: Simulating Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Using a Neonatal Piglet Model

Published on: May 26, 2023

1.4K

Related Concept Videos

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
171.8K
Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:28

Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements

Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
1.8K
Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
52.1K
Activation Energy01:26

Activation Energy

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
86.7K
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult01:21

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...
738
Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
43.4K