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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology
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Recognition memory shielded from semantic but not perceptual interference in normal aging.

D Merika Wilson1, Kevin W Potter1, Rosemary A Cowell1

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.

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|August 3, 2018
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Summary

Older adults show memory differences due to perceptual interference, unlike younger adults. This finding supports the Representational-Hierarchical account of memory, challenging other theories of age-related memory loss.

Keywords:
Age-related memory deficitsDeese–Roediger–McDermott paradigmRecognition memorySignal detection theory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Normal aging is associated with declines in long-term declarative memory.
  • Medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures are crucial for declarative memory, and age-related changes in the MTL may underlie memory impairment.
  • The Representational-Hierarchical account proposes specific predictions regarding how older adults' memory is affected by different types of interference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the predictions of the Representational-Hierarchical account regarding age-related memory differences.
  • To investigate whether older adults are more impaired by perceptual interference and less by semantic interference compared to younger adults.
  • To examine the role of feature-level (perceptual) and higher-level (semantic) interference in recognition memory across the adult lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm to create perceptual and semantic interference.
  • Manipulated category size (small vs. large) to vary the degree of interference.
  • Applied signal detection theory (SDT), specifically the d' measure, to analyze recognition memory performance and avoid response bias contamination.

Main Results:

  • Older participants exhibited greater impairment from perceptual interference compared to younger participants.
  • Younger participants were relatively more affected by semantic interference than older participants.
  • The observed pattern of age-related differences in interference effects aligns with the Representational-Hierarchical account.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge some existing theories of age-related memory decline.
  • Results support the Representational-Hierarchical account, suggesting distinct processing of perceptual and semantic information in aging memory.
  • Age-related memory impairment may be differentially influenced by the level of representational complexity in recognition memory tasks.