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Related Concept Videos

Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

64.2K
The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Related Rates01:18

Related Rates

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When two or more physical quantities are linked by a single relationship, a change in one variable necessarily affects the others. This interdependence forms the basis of related rates analysis, which examines how different quantities change with respect to time. A classic physical example is an expanding balloon, where the size of the balloon changes continuously as air is added.For a hot air balloon, the inflated envelope is commonly idealized as a perfect sphere to simplify mathematical...
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Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Overview
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Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

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Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
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Concentration and Rate Law03:03

Concentration and Rate Law

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The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
For example, in a generic reaction aA + bB ⟶ products, where a and b are stoichiometric coefficients, the rate law can be written as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments
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Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

Published on: January 7, 2019

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High Infection Rates in Patients with Long-Segment Dynesys System.

Goktug Akyoldas1, Atilla Yilmaz2, Ahmet Levent Aydin3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.

World Neurosurgery
|August 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-level stabilization using the Dynesys system led to high infection rates. Of 83 patients, 8 underwent long-level stabilization, with 5 developing infections, including chronic deep infections requiring system removal.

Keywords:
Dynesys systemInfectionLong-level stabilization

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Area of Science:

  • Spinal surgery
  • Infectious disease in orthopedic surgery

Background:

  • Assessing infection rates in patients stabilized with the Dynesys system.
  • Focus on patients with spinal stabilization involving five or more segments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine infection rates associated with the Dynesys system.
  • To analyze outcomes of long-level spinal stabilization.

Main Methods:

  • Eighty-three patients with diverse etiologies were treated with the Dynesys system.
  • Patients undergoing long-level stabilization (≥5 segments) were analyzed separately due to observed high infection rates.

Main Results:

  • Eight of 83 patients underwent long-level stabilization.
  • Five patients developed infections: 4 deep and 1 superficial.
  • Chronic deep infections occurred in 3 patients, necessitating system removal; early infections were managed with antibiotics and wound care.

Conclusions:

  • Long-level stabilization with the Dynesys system is associated with a high incidence of surgical site infections.
  • Early and chronic infections present different management challenges, with system removal sometimes required.