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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

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Is Virtual Reality Surgical Performance Influenced by Force Feedback Device Utilized?

Abdulgadir Bugdadi1, Robin Sawaya2, Khalid Bajunaid3

  • 1Neurosurgical Simulation Research and Training Centre, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukarramah, Saudi Arabia.

Journal of Surgical Education
|August 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Virtual reality surgical training showed no performance differences between haptic devices, but experts preferred the Entact system for enhanced realism in neurosurgery simulation.

Keywords:
Haptic and force feedbackMedical KnowledgeNeurosurgeryNeurosurgical virtual reality and simulationPatient CareSurgical simulationSurgical trainingSystem-Based Practice

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery Simulation
  • Virtual Reality Training
  • Haptic Feedback Technology

Background:

  • Virtual reality (VR) simulators are increasingly used for surgical training.
  • Force feedback devices are crucial for enhancing the realism of VR surgical simulators.
  • The impact of different haptic systems on surgical performance and user experience in VR neurosurgery is not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if surgical performance in a virtual reality simulator is affected by different force feedback devices.
  • To assess users' subjective preferences regarding the haptic systems used in the VR simulator.

Main Methods:

  • Six expert neurosurgeons performed simulated subpial resection of a brain tumor using the NeuroVR simulator.
  • Two bimanual haptic systems (Omni and Entact) were utilized to assess force feedback influence.
  • Surgical performance was measured using Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 2 advanced metrics, alongside a 7-point Likert scale for subjective assessment.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant differences in surgical performance were observed between the Omni and Entact haptic devices.
  • Participants demonstrated a significant preference for the Entact haptic system across all seven subjective assessment criteria.
  • Expert operators found no difference in objective surgical performance but favored one system based on subjective experience.

Conclusions:

  • While objective surgical performance in VR simulation is comparable between tested bimanual haptic devices, subjective user experience differs.
  • The Entact system was significantly preferred by expert users, suggesting a greater perceived realism or usability.
  • Educators should consider expert subjective feedback when selecting force feedback devices to optimize the realism of virtual reality surgical training.