Modular approach to microswimming
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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

The Zebrafish Tol2 System: A Modular and Flexible Gateway-Based Transgenesis Approach
Published on: November 30, 2022
1Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universtät Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany. ranniu@uni-mainz.de.
Abstract:
The field of active matter in general and microswimming in particular has experienced a rapid and ongoing expansion over the last decade. A particular interesting aspect is provided by artificial autonomous microswimmers constructed from individual active and inactive functional components into self-propelling complexes. Such modular microswimmers may exhibit directed motion not seen for each individual component. In this review, we focus on the establishment and recent developments in the modular approach to microswimming. We introduce the bound and dynamic prototypes, show mechanisms and types of modular swimming and discuss approaches to control the direction and speed of modular microswimmers. We conclude by highlighting some challenges faced by researchers as well as promising directions for future research in the realm of modular swimming.
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