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Model-based fMRI reveals dissimilarity processes underlying base rate neglect.

Sean R O'Bryan1, Darrell A Worthy2, Evan J Livesey3

  • 1Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States.

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Summary

People inconsistently use base rate information, often favoring rare categories in the inverse base rate effect (IBRE). This study reveals both similarity and dissimilarity processing contribute to IBRE decision-making.

Keywords:
base ratescategorizationexemplar modelfMRIhumanmultivoxel analysisneurosciencerostrolateral prefrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Decision science

Background:

  • Inconsistent use of base rate information is a common finding in decision-making research.
  • The inverse base rate effect (IBRE) demonstrates a tendency to classify ambiguous stimuli as belonging to rare categories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test a hybrid computational model of the inverse base rate effect (IBRE).
  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the IBRE using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Main Methods:

  • Development of a hybrid computational model integrating similarity- and dissimilarity-based mechanisms.
  • Collection of fMRI data from human participants performing an IBRE task.
  • Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to decode neural activation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Activation patterns during ambiguous trials contained information supporting dissimilarity-based processing.
  • Left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (lrPFC) activity correlated with model predictions for dissimilarity-based processing.
  • Findings align with theories linking higher-level symbolic processing to the IBRE.

Conclusions:

  • The IBRE likely results from a combination of similarity- and dissimilarity-based cognitive processes.
  • Neural evidence from lrPFC supports the role of higher-level inference in the IBRE.
  • The hybrid model provides a more comprehensive explanation for the inverse base rate effect.