Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 7, 2026
10:53
Plaque Assay for Murine Norovirus
Published on: August 22, 2012
55.8K
Modelling norovirus transmission and vaccination
K A M Gaythorpe1, C L Trotter2, A J K Conlan2
1Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
Vaccine
|August 5, 2018
Summary
Norovirus vaccination could significantly reduce illness, with routine immunization lowering incidence by up to 70.5%. Targeting infants prevents infection, while older adults benefit most from vaccination against severe outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Mathematical Modeling
- Public Health
Background:
- Norovirus causes a fifth of global acute gastroenteritis cases annually.
- Population-level transmission dynamics remain poorly understood due to under-reporting.
- Need for empirically grounded models to predict vaccine impact is growing.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and apply a dynamic, age-specific mathematical model for norovirus transmission and vaccination.
- To investigate the potential impact of various immunization strategies on norovirus incidence.
- To account for age- and time-varying under-reporting of norovirus cases.
Main Methods:
- Developed a dynamic age-specific mathematical model for norovirus transmission.
- Incorporated a self-reporting Markov model to adjust for under-reporting in Germany.
- Estimated model parameters using a sequential Monte Carlo particle filter.
- Applied the model to evaluate diverse immunization strategies and performed sensitivity analyses.
Main Results:
- Routine immunization could decrease norovirus incidence by up to 70.5%, even with incomplete vaccine protection.
- The effectiveness of different age-targeted strategies varies based on the desired outcome and vaccine action assumptions.
- Infant and toddler-targeted strategies are more efficient for preventing infection, whereas targeting older adults is better for preventing severe outcomes.
Conclusions:
- The study provides a robust dynamic transmission model for norovirus at the population level.
- Vaccination shows promise as an effective disease prevention strategy.
- Further research is needed on norovirus vaccine efficacy, mode of action, and cost-effectiveness.
Related Concept Videos
01:51Vaccinations
51.7K
Overview
51.7K
01:30Cancer Vaccines
1.1K
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
1.1K
01:16Design of Transmission Shafts
789
The design of a transmission shaft is governed by two primary specifications: the power it transmits and its rotational speed. These parameters guide the selection of the shaft's material and cross-sectional dimensions, ensuring that the material's maximum shearing stress remains within the elastic limit while transmitting the desired power at the given speed. The system's power is intrinsically linked to the applied torque. The torque applied to the shaft can be calculated by reconfiguring the...
789
01:23Transmission Line Design Considerations
631
Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
631
01:09Transmission Shafts: Problem Solving
516
Designing a solid shaft that transmits power from a motor to a machine tool involves a series of calculations to ensure the shaft can withstand the stresses applied by bending moments and torques. First, calculate the torque exerted on the gear, considering the power transmitted by the shaft and its rotational speed. Following this, compute the tangential forces acting on the gears, which directly relate to the torque and the gear radius.
Next, use bending moment diagrams for the shaft to...
Next, use bending moment diagrams for the shaft to...
516
01:26Transmission-Line Differential Equations
1.0K
Transmission lines are essential components of electrical power systems. They are characterized by the distributed nature of resistance (R), inductance (L), and capacitance (C) per unit length. To analyze these lines, differential equations are employed to model the variations in voltage and current along the line.
Line Section Model
A circuit representing a line section of length Δx helps in understanding the transmission line parameters. The voltage V(x) and current i(x) are measured from...
Line Section Model
A circuit representing a line section of length Δx helps in understanding the transmission line parameters. The voltage V(x) and current i(x) are measured from...
1.0K